Compared to traditional immunodeficient strains, such as NOD-SCID and NSG, the BRGSF mouse represents the most immunodeficient model generated to date, with defect of both the murine lymphoid and myeloid compartments, and thus represents a strongly adapted animal model for xenograft of human tumor and/or immune system.
Applications
This next-generation mouse is a unique preclinical model to study:
Tumor xenograft (including CDX, PDX)
Standard of care therapies (surgery, chemotherapies, radiotherapies, etc.)
Cell therapies (including NK, CAR-T cell) efficacy and depletion assessment
Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell engraftment
Human PBMC cell engraftment
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) studies
BRGSF features
Highly immunodeficient (T, B, NK, myeloid cells) due to Rag2, IL-2RĪ³c and Flk2 KO
Highly permissive to patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and cell line engraftment by virtue of the SIRPĪ±NOD expression and reduced murine myeloid compartment
Robustness to radiotherapies, chemotherapies due to BALB/c background and the absence of the SCID mutation
A complete, functional complement system makes this a powerful tool for complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) studies
Stable phenotype throughout lifespan
FAQ on BRGSF mouse models
1. What is the BRGSF mouse model?
The BRGSF is the most immunodeficient mouse model generated to date, with defects in both myeloid and lymphoid compartments (Rag2-/-, IL 2RĪ³-/-, Flk2-/-). Here is its genetic background:
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2. What makes the BRGSF an immunodeficient mouse model?
The BRGSF carries multiple genetic defects, including mutations in:
The recombination-activating gene 2 (RAG2). Together with RAG1, RAG2 initiates the VDJ recombination, a site-specific recombination process that ensures the generation of a large repertoire of unique antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes. As such, mutations in RAG2 cause depletion in these immune cells.
The gamma chain of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2RĪ³c). The gamma chain is an essential subunit of functional IL-2 receptors, as well as four other interleukins (IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15). Mutations in this gene lead to X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID), a combined cellular and humoral immunodeficiency characterized by a profound T- and NK-cell deficiency.
The fetal liver kinase-2 (Flk2). This is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates the development of the myeloid compartment; as such, mutations in Flk2 lead to a strongly reduced myeloid cell compartment.
3. How would you make the most of the BRGSF?
The BRGSF mouse model represents a valuable tool for:
Efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
Myeloid compartment development studies
4. Which unique valuable features do BRGSF mice possess?
BALB/c genetic background
As such, these animals represent valuable tools to predict clinical response to certain anticancer drugs, and for long-term transplantation studies. Indeed, contrary to NOD and NOD-derived strains such as NSG and NOG, BRSGF mice do not carry the Prkdc mutation and, therefore, do not show the SCID side effect of high sensitivity to radiation, T-cell leakage, and increased incidence of thymic lymphoma formation.
NOD-specific polymorphic SIRPĪ±
This renders BRGSF mice highly permissive to human cell engraftment. SIRPĪ± is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on early hematopoietic progenitors, on myeloid cells such as macrophages and granulocytes, and on dendritic cells and neurons. It binds CD47, an immunoglobulin that acts as a self-marker for macrophages. Importantly, several studies have shown that Cd47ā/ā mouse hematopoietic cells grafted into wild-type mice, and into mice lacking T, B and NK cells, are rapidly āeatenā by macrophages, as are wild-type cells if the CD47āSIRPĪ± binding is disrupted. Polymorphisms in SIRPĪ± thereby represent a potent genetic determinant of human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and host survival.
Fully functional complement cascade
Unlike NOG-based strains, where C5A is knockout, BRGSF mice possess a fully functional complement cascade.
5. How do BRGSF mice compare to other immunocompromised mice?
Validation
Effect of 5-FU on colorectal PDXtransplanted in BRGSF mice
Fat pad implantation of PDX CR-IC-022-P3or CR-LRB-004-P1 (fragments of 5mm x 5mm). Treatment: two injections of 5-FU (56mg/kg) r when tumors reached 100 mm3.
BRGSF are permissive to two colorectal PDX. 5-FU shows anti-tumor activity when administered at early time point or when tumor is established.
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